Convert hourly rate ↔ monthly & annual pay
Annual pay equals the hourly rate times the hours worked per week times the weeks paid per year. Monthly pay is annual divided by 12. Freelancers should lower the paid weeks to allow for holidays, sick days and gaps between projects; otherwise the annual figure looks better than real life.
At 40 hours a week for 52 weeks it is 2,080 hours, but after leave and holidays most people work closer to 1,800 to 1,900.
Start from your target annual income, divide by realistic billable hours (often 1,000 to 1,400 a year), then add a margin for taxes and tools.
No, all figures are gross, before tax and deductions.